The European Space Agency’s (ESA)
Rosetta mission will be arising from
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hibernation in about 100 days to make a
long-awaited approach of a destination mission controllers have been aiming for
for the past decade.
The Rosetta mission has been
traveling through space since March 2, 2004 towards comet
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. During its travels, the spacecraft has flown past
Earth three times, once past Mars and has imaged two asteroids.
ESA put Rosetta to sleep in July
2011, a year after taking an image of the asteroid Lutetia. The spacecraft was
placed in hibernation during the coldest, most distant leg of the journey as it
traveled about 500 million miles from the Sun — in the neighborhood of Jupiter.
Rosetta was oriented during this time so that its solar wings faced the Sun to
receive as much energy as possible.
Rosetta’s alarm clock for the last
leg of its decade-long journey is set for January 20, 2014. Once the spacecraft
wakes up it will warm up its navigation instruments and then will stop spinning
so it can point its main antenna at Earth.
“We don’t know exactly at what time
Rosetta will make first contact with Earth, but we don’t expect it to be before
about 17:45 GMT on the same day,” Fred Jansen, ESA’s Rosetta mission manager,
said in a statement.
Rosetta will still be about 5.5
million miles away from its destination when it awakens, but while it moves
closer toward the comet 11 instruments on the orbiter and 10 on the lander will
be turned on and checked. Towards the end of May Rosetta will be executing a
major maneuver to line up for rendezvous with the comet in August.
ESA said it expects to receive the
first images of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in May, which will help scientists
improve calculations of the comet’s position and orbit. As it nears its
destination, Rosetta will be taking thousands of images to provide further
details about the comet’s major landmarks, its rotation speed and spin axis
orientation.
Rosetta will perform extensive
mapping of the comet’s surface during August and September, after which ESA
will be choosing a landing site for the Philae probe. This will be the first
time a space agency has landed on a comet.
ESA said that Philae will be using
a series of screws and harpoons to stop it from rebounding back into space as
it lands. The probe will be sending back a panorama of its surroundings and
very high-resolution pictures of the surface and will perform on-the-spot
analysis of the composition of the ice and organic material.
Philae will be using an instrument
to drill 8 to 12 inches below the surface. After this it will be able to sample
material of the comet’s surface and send it back to its onboard laboratory,
similar to NASA’s Curiosity rover on Mars.
“The focus of the mission then
moves towards what we call the ‘escort’ phase, whereby Rosetta will stay
alongside the comet as it moves closer to the Sun,” said Jansen.
Rosetta will be monitoring the
comet as it approaches the Sun, watching the changing conditions on the surface
of the comet as it warms up and its ice sublimates.
“This unique science period will
reveal the dynamic evolution of the nucleus as never seen before, allowing us
to build up a thorough description of all aspects of the comet, its local
environment and revealing how it changes even on a daily basis,” Matt Taylor,
ESA’s Rosetta project scientist, said in a statement. “For the first time we
will be able to analyze a comet over an extended period of time – it is not
just a flyby. This will give us a unique insight into
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how a comet ‘works’ and
ultimately help us to decipher the role of comets in the formation of the Solar
System.”
The winner of 106th Nobel Prize in
Literature will be announced at midday today.
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There has been much speculation
about the recipient of this year’s award – bookmakers are backing Japanese
author Haruki Murakami as their favourite.
Predicting Nobel winners is
notoriously difficult, however, as the Swedish Academy has a habit of
championing lesser known and recherché authors. Although the last ten years
have seen household names such as JM Coetzee, Mario Vargas Llosa and Doris
Lessing become Nobel laureates, authors such as Herta Müller, JMG Le Clézio and
Tomas Tranströmer have also been honoured.
With that in mind, here is a list
of authors seen by many critics as the leading contenders:
1) Philip Roth
It has been twenty long years since
an American last won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and many people see Philip
Roth as the leading contender to buck the recent trend. The grand old man of
American letters recently announced that he was retiring from writing after the
publication of his 31st book, Nemesis. Since making a splash with his
controversial 1959 debut, Goodbye Columbus, Roth has continued to examine male
sexuality, Jewish identity and the meeting of private and public histories. He
has one both the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, the Man Booker
International Prize and many more.
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2) Haruki Murakami
The Japanese novelist is a global
bestseller and publishing sensation in both his native country and the wider
world. His last novel, Colourless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage,
sold more than a million copies in its first month of release and is due to be
published in English in the new year. His novels often combine surreal touches
with references to western pop culture and are known for their plain style. He
has previously won the Franz Kafka Prize and the Jerusalem Prize, amongst others.
3) Adonis
Syrian poet Adonis is a perennial
contender for the award. Despite once being imprisoned for his membership of
the socialist party and being the victim of censorship, his work has continued
to explore the political issues of the Middle East. He is a long-time resident
of Paris and has written over 50 books of both poetry and prose, although he
has turned to painting in recent years.
4) Thomas Pynchon
To the casual observer, 76-year-old
Thomas Pynchon is almost as famous for his reclusive nature as he is for his
genre-bending postmodern works of fiction. Since the publication of his first
novel, V (1963), Pynchon has consistently fused an encyclopaedic knowledge of
mathematics, physics and history with lyricism, pop culture and slapstick
humour. The highpoint of his artistic creation arguably came with his 1973
magnum opus, Gravity’s Rainbow. He has continued writing well into his
seventies and his eighth novel, Bleeding Edge, was published last month to
favourable reviews.
5) Margaret Atwood
Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood
is in the running to be just the thirteenth female winner in the prize's
history. She is best known for her ambitious novels that meld disparate genres.
She is also a published poet and has been nominated for the Man Booker Prize
five times, winning once for The Blind Assassin. Her latest novel,
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MaddAddam,
the third part of a trilogy, was published in 2013 to positive reviews.
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